Survey on Energy-Based Geographic Routing Protocols and Position Update Strategies in Ad-Hoc Networks

-Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network with no infrastructure, used in vital places such as battle fields, disaster areas, remote areas etc. This emergency aiding network is formed ondemand by mobile nodes to accomplish communication and information sharing activities. Since there is no centralized control to oversee the ongoing activities, each node operates with the responsibility of acting as router to forward data. In MANETs, there are many challenges such as routing, security, bandwidth etc. are still under research. Among them routing with minimum energy is a predominant task because all the nodes operate with embedded batteries. In MANET routing protocols, Geographic Routing Protocols (GRPs) are the popular energy efficient, location-based routing protocols, which operate with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Grid Location Systems (GLS). The mandatory requirement of GRPs, location information dissemination is the most energy consuming activity, as the beacon packets are exchanged among nodes. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) is a well-known GRP and its main goal is to reduce the number of hops in packet forwarding. The drawback of GPSR is the diffusion hole problem. This paper analyses GPSR, energy efficient geographic routing protocols which solve diffusion holes, other power management techniques and various position update schemes. Key Terms-diffusion hole; energy management; GPS; GPSR; position updates schemes